▌列举法

　　列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

　　引出列举

　　1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

　　2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

　　3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

　　4. Why ______ ?为什么______?

　　5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

　　6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

　　7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

　　8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

　　9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

　　10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

　　11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

　　分条列举

　　1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

　　2. First,______ . Second, ______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

　　3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

　　4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

　　5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

　　6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

　　7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

　　8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

　　▌对比法

　　对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

　　1. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from ______. 从______中获取的优势远远超过我们从______中获取的。

　　2. ______ bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to ______.______与______极为相似。

　　3. On the one hand, ______. On the other hand, ______.一方面，______。另一方面，______。

　　4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,______ . 同样，______。

　　5. Although ______ enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, ______.尽管______有明显优势，但是______。

　　6. Many students like ______. Among them there are two different attitudes to ______. Some of them think that . Others, however, dont think so. They feel that ______. 许多学生喜欢______。关于他们有两种不同的观点。有人认为______。而另外一些则不赞同这种看法。他们认为______。

　　7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match ______. 没有什么能与______相比。

　　8. Indeed, ______ carries more weight than ______when ______ is concerned.的确，就______而言，______的重要性要超过______。

　　9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales into insignificance by comparison with . 这个问题可能很严重，但与相比就微不足道了。

　　10. In comparison/contrast, ______ . 比较而言/对比起来，______ 。

　　11. Indeed/Certainly, ______ play(s) a more/less important role when compared with ______. 当然，与______相比，______的影响要大/小得多。

　　12. Despite the fact that most of them like ______, I would like to choose to ______.尽管有许多人喜欢______，我还是倾向于______。

　　13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident. 比较一下优缺点，结论就不言而喻了。

　　14. There is no consensus among people as to ______. Some people suggest that ______, while others argue that ______. I agree with the latter/former.人们并未就______达成一致意见。一些人建议______，而另一些人则争辩说______。我赞成后者/前者。

　　15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that ______. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that ______. Personally, I stand on the side of ______. 人们对于这个问题的态度差异很大。有人认为______。与此相反，另外一些人认为______。就我个人而言，我站在______这一边。

　　16. For most people today, ______have/has become their main source of ______. But as for me, ______should be regarded as a better source. 如今大多数人将______作为______的主要来源。但就我而言，______应被看作一种更好的来源。

　　17. ______may be superior to ______, but it poses problems for those who ______. ______可能比______更好一些，但它会给那些______的人带来问题。

　　18. Different people have different ideas about ______. Some people take it for granted that ______. On the contrary, some other people think ______.关于______的观点因人而异。有人想当然地认为______。相反，其他人则认为______。

　　19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that ______, but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that ______. 随着越来越多的人加入它的行列，这一事件已经在全国引起了巨大反响。然而，人们对此的观点却迥然不同。反对者认为______，但支持者则宣称______。

　　20. People differ in their opinions on ______. Some of them believe that ______, while others deem that .人们对______持有不同的看法。有些人认为______,而有些人则认为______。

　　21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that ______. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that ______. 许多调查显示，越来越多的人开始意识到______。同时，仍有许多人持传统观点，认为______。

　　▌举例法

　　所谓举例法，是指以恰当的事例来佐证自己的观点，例子应该典型、精炼。举例法常用素材有：

　　1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that ______.根据我的日常经验和观察，我可以举出几个例子来证明______。

　　2. There are many instances supporting my opinion. 有许多例子可以证明我的观点。3. Perhaps the most important example of ______ is ______.有关______的最重要的例子可能是______。

　　4. A case in point is ______. 一个恰当的例子是______。

　　5. Take ______ for example. 以______为例。

　　6. This is a concrete example that ______. 这是一个有关______的具体例子。

　　7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that ______.再没有比______更明显的例子了。

　　8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of ______.要说明这个问题，______是一个最好的例子。

　　9. The latest surveys conducted by ______ show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that ______. 由______开展的最新调查显示______。

　　10. No one can deny the fact that . ______没有人可以否认______的事实。

　　11. Talking about ______, the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be ______. 说到______，我们首先想到的似乎就是______。

　　12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is ______.一个被普遍引用的例子是______。

　　13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that ______. 类似的例子不胜枚举，但这一个就足以说明______。

　　14. History abounds with the example of ______. 历史上有许多______方面的例子。