定语从句常见考点突破
一、如何辨别定语从句
1.定语从句的概念
定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句,本质上相当于“形容词”。
2.构成成分
①先行词:定语从句通常置于所修饰的名词或代词等成分之后,这种名词或代词就叫先行词。
②关系词:引导定语从句吸关系代词,如that,which,who,whom,whose,as等,代替具体的指代对象,即先行词,其中,that既能指人,又能指物;还有关系副词,如when,where,why,how等,代替的则不单单是先行词,而是先行词和适当的介词。
3.定语从句的类型
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制,去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充,翻译时常常另起一个句子,与主句构成并列句。例如:Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture,which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.(which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的culture,补充说明这种共同文化的特点。)
二、捕捉先行词
先行词的位置可以紧靠着关系词,也可能与关系词之间隔着其他的成分,这时就需要慎重甄别先行词了。例如:As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(句中的定语从句that cannot convey complex ideas修饰的是language or dialect,而并非紧靠着它的the world。)
三、关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分
关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。例如:
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
He came last night when I was out.
在上述第一个句子中,关系代词whose在从句中用作定语;而在第二个句子中,关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语。
四、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似,它们之前都有先行词,但与先行词的关系有所不同:同位语从句与先行词同位或等同,定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系。
2.在定语从句中,关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分;而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用,没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用。试比较以下两个句子:
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everbody.
The fact that you are talking about is important.
上述第一个句子包含一个由that引导的同位语从句,对fact的具体内容做出说明,这个that只是起引导作用,并不能代替fact在从句中作句子成分;而在第二个句子中,that you are talking about则作为定语从句对The fact做出限制和修饰,这个that在从句中作talking about的宾语。
定语从句真题难句荟萃
1.Since December,when the report came out,the mayor,neighborhood activists and various parent-teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity:over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town,over union jobs versus children's health and over what,if anying,ought to be done.(09.12 Passage 1)
分析:主干:...the mayor,...associations have engaged in a... battle(over...)
①谓语用了现在完成时,与句首since引导的时间状语搭配。when引导非限制性定语从句,修饰December(注意,不是时间状语从句)。②句子的主语是一个名词词组,含三个中心名词(mayor,activists,associations)。validity是“有效性,正确性”,冒号后的内容(三个并列的over...短语)进一步做了详细的说明,可以把冒号后的内容看做是over its validity的同位成分。
译文:自从12月份报告发布以来,市长,社区活跃分子和各家长教师协会就这份报告的正确性进行了激烈的争论;争论城市西郊铸钢工厂是否有责任,争论工会保护职工工作与儿童的健康之间的矛盾,争论应该采取什么样的措施(如果要采取措施的话)。
2.But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness,and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic sea turtles,notably loggerheads,which can grow to as much as 400 pounds.(09.6 Passage 1)
分析:主干:...Nature is indifferent to human notions...and a report...showed a(worrisome)drop(in...)
①and并列连接两个分句。后一个分句中,介词短语by...作a report的后置定语,表示该报告的来源;介词短语in...作宾语a drop的后置定语。②这里有好几个介词短语,分别修饰其前面的名词。两个逗号间的notably loggerheads作turtles的同位语,后面有一个非限制性定语从句对这种海龟做进一步解释和说明。
译文:不过大自然一点都不会在乎人类所谓公平的想法。渔业和野生动物署的一个报道表明,几种北大西洋海龟的数量急剧下降,令人担忧,尤其是能够生长到400磅重的灵龟。