非谓语动词结构常见考点突破
一,非谓语动词的概念
不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词,主要有以下三大类:分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分,如:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词。
二、非谓语动词的三夫类型
1.分词
分词有两类,即现在分词和过去分词。从意义上来说,现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态;过去分词则体现被动或完成状态。分词在句中可作多种成分:
①分词作定语。例如:
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.(在该句中,gas后紧跟-个过去分词结构作其后置定语,表示一种被动状态,说明gas是被如何运输的。)
The girl standing there was crying.(在该句中,standing there作The girl的后置定语,且使用现在分词形式表主动。)
②分词作状语。例如:
He glanced over at her, noting that though she was tiny,she seemed veny well put together.(在该句中,逗号后紧跟一个noting引导的分词结构,作glanced over at her的伴随状语,表示同时进行的动作。)
2.不定式
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征,具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定。
①不定式作目的状语。例如:He sent his daughter to America to learn English.(在该句中,不定式to learn English作状语,说明去美国的目的。)
②不定式作宾语补足语。例如:We believe him to be guilty.(在该句中,不定式to be guilty作him的宾语补足语。)
③不定式作后置定语。例如:The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.(在该句中,不定式to be discussed作topic的后置定语。)
④不定式作主语。例如:To know oneself is difficult.(在该句中,不定式To know oneself作句子的主语。)
⑤不定式作表语。例如:My work is to clean the room every day.(该句为“主语+系动词十表语”结构,不定式to clean the room作表语。)
3.动名词
动名词在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词尾加-ing,但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强,因为动名词已经将动作名词化了,从某种意义上说,动名词就相当于名词、代词了。
①动名词作主语。例如:It's necessary to be prepared for a job imterview;having the answers ready will be of great help.(在该句中,动名词结构having the answers ready充当后一分句的主语。)
②动名词作表语。例如:Her job was washing clothes.(该句为主系表句型,washing clothes是动名词结构,用作表语。)
③动名词作宾语。例如:I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.(动名词结构telling Jane the truth在句中充当avoid的宾语,说明avoid的内容。)
④动名词作定语。例如:A sleeping car(表示“卧铺车”,sleeping表示car的功能;sleeping是动名词作定语。)试区分:A sleeping dog(表示“睡觉的拘”,sleeping是dog的动作;sleeping是现在分词作定语。)
非谓语动词结构真题难句荟萃
分词
1.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices,further contributing to the decline of primary care.(09.12 Passage 2)
分析:主干:...physicians...are either driven out of business or to(cash-only)practices...
①either... or...并列连接两个介词词组out of business和to cash-only practices,接在driven之后。②句子主语physicians有前置定语primary care和who引导的定语从句修饰。句末的现在分词短语contributing...作状语,表示伴随are driven...而来的结果。
译文:不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业,要么提供只收现金的服务,这进一步加剧了初级护理服务的下滑。