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　　【试题】

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 51 to 53 are based on the following passage.

　　It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues—in your dreams.

　　It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and retaining what we learn—and that dreams may even hold out the possibility of directing our learning as we doze.

　　While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such reenactment can be seen in this video , made as part of a 2011 study by researchers in the Sleep Disorders Unit at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind of physical movement that is normally inhibited during slumber. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, the woman on the tape does a faithful rendition of the dance moves she learned earlier—“the first direct and unambiguous demonstration of overt behavioral replay of a recently learned skill during human sleep,” writes lead author Delphine Oudiette.

　　Of course, most of us are not quite so energetic during sleep—but our brains are busy nonetheless. While our bodies are at rest, scientists theorize, our brains are extracting what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know—perhaps explaining why dreams are such an odd mixture of fresh experiences and old memories. A dream about something we’ve just learned seems to be a sign that the new knowledge has been processed effectively. In a 2010 study published in the journal Current Biology , researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to navigate the maze compared to participants who did not dream about the task.

　　Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming about the material. But some scientists are pushing the notion of enhancing learning through dreaming even further, asking sleepers to mentally practice skills while they slumber. In a pilot study published in The Sport Psychologist journal in 2010, University of Bern psychologist Daniel Erlacher instructed participants to dream about tossing coins into a cup. Those who successfully dreamed about the task showed significant improvement in their real-life coin-tossing abilities. Experiments like Erlacher’s raise the possibility that we could train ourselves to cultivate skills while we slumber. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.

　　51. What is scientists' finding about dreaming?

　　A)It involves disconnected, weird images.

　　B)It resembles fragments of science fiction.

　　C) Dreaming about a learned task betters its performance.

　　D Dreaming about things being learned disturbs one's sleep.

　　52. What happens when one enters a dream state?

　　A) The body continues to act as if the sleeper were awake.

　　B) The neural activity of the brain will become intensified.

　　C)The brain behaves as if it were playing a virtual reality video game.

　　D)The brain once again experiences the learning activities of the day.

　　53 What does the brain do while we are sleeping?

　　A) It systematizes all the data collected during the day.

　　B) It substitutes old information with new data.

　　C)It processes and absorbs newly acquired data.

　　D)It classifies information and places it in different files.

　　【答案】

　　CDC

　　【解析】

　　51.【解题思路】

　　根据scientist‘s finding about dreaming定位至第二段的第二句 “scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with improved performance in the activity.”处，“科学家发现，如果梦到所学习的任务，那么在任务活动中的表现会更好。” 选项C “如果梦到学习的任务，会使任务活动表现更好”为此句话同义转述，因此，应选C。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A第二段第一句中提到的是“我们白天吸收的知识与技能在晚上会转化为我们头脑中碎片的、奇异的想象”，而不是“我们的梦境包括不连贯的、奇怪的图像”。属于偷换概念。

　　B第二段开头提到科幻小说，但它的完整意义是“‘梦境中还在持续学习’这件事听起来就像是科幻小说”，而非选项中的“梦境像科幻小说中的片段”。属于偷换概念。

　　D文章并未提及“梦到正在学习的事情会干扰到睡眠”。属于无中生有。

　　52.【解题思路】

　　根据题文同序的原则，第二题可粗略定位到第二段末尾或第三段开头，题干中的 when one enters a dream state(当一个人进入到做梦状态)与第三段开头的 “While we sleep(当我们睡觉时)” 为同义转述，因此可精确定位到第三段第一句。本句中indicate可理解为“指出”，后面应为研究所得出的结论，结论内容为原文重点，即“the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours(大脑会重复它在清醒时所经历的活动模式)”，对比选项，D选项“大脑再次经历白天的学习活动”为这句话的同义转述，因此，应选D。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A身体继续活动，好像入睡者还醒着。原文只提到大脑会重复白天所经历的事情，并没有说身体继续活动，此处将主语置换了。属于偷换概念。

　　B大脑神经活动变强。原文中并未对比大脑苏醒与睡着时大脑神经活动谁强谁弱。属于无中生有。

　　C大脑活动就像一场对实视的虚拟现频游戏。题干问的是人们睡着后会发生什么，而该选项回答的却是大脑活动像一场游戏。属于答非所问。

　　53.【解题思路】

　　根据while we are sleeping定位至文中第四段第一句的during sleep处，“在我们身体休息的时候，我们的大脑在提炼我们近期遇到的事情中重要的信息并且把这些信息存入我们已有的记忆库中”，C选项中的process是extract的同义替换，absorb是integrate的同义替换。因此C选项“处理并吸收新习得的数据信息”为正确答案。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A文中未提及“我们的大脑在我们睡觉时系统化我们一整天所获取的数据信息”。属于无中生有。

　　B文中说的是“大脑在我们睡觉时加工处理我们所获取的新信息，并将其加入我们原有的记忆库”，而非“用新的数据信息替换旧的数据信息”。属于偷换概念。

　　D文中未提及“我们的大脑在我们睡觉时将信息分类并存储”。属于无中生有。

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