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　　【试题】

　　It’s late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues—in your dreams.

　　It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular notion that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and retaining what we learn—and that dreams may even hold out the possibility of directing our learning as we doze.

　　While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural(神经的)virtual reality. A vivid example of such reenactment can be seen in this video, made as part of a 2011 study by researchers in the Sleep Disorders Unit at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind of physical movement that is normally inhibited during slumber. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, the woman on the tape does a faithful rendition of the dance moves she learned earlier—“the first direct and unambiguous demonstration of overt behavioral replay of a recently learned skill during human sleep,” writes lead author Delphine Oudiette.

　　Of course, most of us are not quite so energetic during sleep—but our brains are busy nonetheless. While our bodies are at rest, scientists theorize, our brains are extracting what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know—perhaps explaining why dreams are such an odd mixture of fresh experiences and old memories. A dream about something we’ve just learned seems to be a sign that the new knowledge has been processed effectively. In a 2010 study published in the journal Current Biology , researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to navigate the maze compared to participants who did not dream about the task.

　　Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming about the material. But some scientists are pushing the notion of enhancing learning through dreaming even further, asking sleepers to mentally practice skills while they slumber. In a pilot study published in The Sport Psychologist journal in 2010, University of Bern psychologist Daniel Erlacher instructed participants to dream about tossing coins into a cup. Those who successfully dreamed about the task showed significant improvement in their real-life coin-tossing abilities. Experiments like Erlacher’s raise the possibility that we could train ourselves to cultivate skills while we slumber. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.

　　Brilliant readers, do you ever have dreams about what you were studying or working on while you you were awake? Did you feel that you mastered this dreamed-about material more fully? Please share your thoughts on my blog, here .

　　51. What is scientists’ finding about dreaming?

　　A) It involves disconnected, weird images.

　　B) It resembles fragments of science fiction.-

　　C) Dreaming about a learned task betters its performance.

　　D) Dreaming about things being learned disturbs one’s sleep.

　　52. What happens when one enters a dream state?

　　A) The body continues to act as if the sleeper were awake.

　　B) The neural activity of the brain will become intensified.

　　C) The brain behaves as if it were playing a virtual reality video game.

　　D) The brain once again experiences the learning activities of the day.

　　53. What does the brain do while we are sleeping?

　　A) It systematizes all the data collected during the day.

　　B) It substitutes old information with new data.

　　C) It processes and absorbs newly acquired data.

　　D) It classifies information and places it in different files

　　【解析】

　　51. 正确答案 【C】

　　解题思路：根据题干定位至第二段第二句话，所以答案就是that从句内容“that dreaming about a task we’ve learned is associated with improved performance in that activity” 梦到一个我们已经学过的任务，这个任务与在这个活动中提高表现有关，所以选C

　　干扰选项分析：A disconnected, weird images对应第二段第一句fragmented, often bizarre imaginings，区域错乱。B fragments of science fiction在第一句，区域错乱。D出自第二句，文中是improved performance，而选项是disturbs one’s sleep 搭配错乱。

　　52. 正确答案【D】

　　解题思路：根据题干定位到第三段第一句，“While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours” 研究表明，当我们睡觉时，大脑会重复它在清醒时经历的活动模式，选D

　　干扰选项分析：A The body continues to act身体继续活动与第四段第一句“most of us are not quite so energetic during sleep—but our brains are busy nonetheless”意思相反，身体没有活动，并且区域错乱。B neural activity出自第一句，但并未提到become intensified无中生有。C出自第一句，但文中是“allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality” 让我们进入一位心理学家所说的神经虚拟现实，而不是大脑就像在玩虚拟现实视频游戏，偷换谓语动词。

　　53. 正确选项【C】

　　解题思路：根据题干定位到第四段第二句, While our bodies are at rest, scientists theorize, our brains are extracting what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know” , extract和integrate提取和整合信息对应C选项processes and absorbs加工和吸收，选C

　　干扰选项分析：A出自第二句，但systematize使…系统化 偷换谓语动词，并且文中是extracting what’s important提取重要的信息，而不是all所有，范围错乱。B substitutes old information with new data用新信息代替旧信息，文中并未提及，无中生有。D classify分类，place放，都未体现加工处理信息这个过程。

　　选词填空

　　【试题】

　　“Science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated.” Those were the words uttered by pioneering British scientist Rosalind Franklin, who firmly believed that the pursuit of science should be (26) to all.

　　As a woman working in the first half of the 20th century, Franklin’s contributions to some of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time – including the structure of DNA – were sadly (27) in her lifetime. One of my proudest moments in my role as universities and science minister was being able to go some way to redress this injustice last month, by unveiling the new Mars rover named after this brilliant British scientist.

　　Today, on International Women’s Day, it is only right that we recognise the important work of female scientists like Franklin and seek to honour her memory by inspiring more women and girls to follow in her footsteps.

　　More than 60 years after Franklin’s death, we are (28) living in a different world, where women play an important part in every echelon of our society – not least in science, innovation, higher education and research.

　　UK universities are world leaders when it comes to advancing and (29) gender equality. The Athena SWAN charter, initially established to improve the representation of women in scientific disciplines in higher education, now has 145 members. It has also expanded to promote gender equality in multiple disciplines – including the arts, social sciences, humanities, business and law.

　　In the past decade, we have seen a (30) increase in England in the number of women accepted on to full-time undergraduate degrees in science, technology, engineering and maths (Stem subjects). And in the last academic year, women (31) for more than half of all Stem postgraduates at UK universities. The government is taking further steps to improve women’s representation in science and has today awarded nine inspiring women £50,000 to develop inventions to tackle the challenges and seize the opportunities we face as a society. From new materials to cut down on plastics pollution to special devices to improve posture and comfort for wheelchair users, these women are at the forefront of creating the new technology for tomorrow.

　　This is significant progress, but access to higher education is only half of the equation. To have real equality in the sector, we need to ensure talented women are able to progress into the academic and leadership roles they desire, and get the remuneration they deserve.

　　Data shows us the (32) to success gets harder for women to climb the further up they go. Although women make up the majority of undergraduates in our universities, just under half of academic staff are female. At (33) levels, only a quarter of professors are women, and black women make up less than 2% of all female academic staff.

　　I welcome the introduction of pro-active strategies like the new initiative at the University of Leicester, which I am visiting today, to increase the number of female professors by 1.5% each year, with the overall goal of having 30% professorships held by women by 2020.

　　There are also stark differences in pay across grades. The gender pay gapbased on median salaries across the sector in 2016-17 was 13.7%, (34) there is still some way to go to ensure women are rising through the ranks to higher grade positions and being paid (35) .

　　【解析】

　　26. 固定搭配 be accessible to可接近的，可得到的 所以选A

　　27. 根据上下文，上文the greatest scientific discoveries最伟大的发现，下文redress this injustice弥补了这种不公，并且空前sadly，推测可知是减号色彩词忽视，所以选J overlooked

　　28. 根据下文where women play an important part女性起很重要的作用，可知空格是褒义词并且词性为adv., 所以选O thankfully

　　29. and表并列前后两个词词性相同，功能一致，所以找advancing同义词，所以选K promoting

　　30. 修饰increase增加的程度，下文第二句more than half of超过一半，以及第三句The government is taking further steps to improve women’s representation政府进一步采取措施促进女性的表现，可知空格是增加程度较大，选E considerable

　　31. 考查固定搭配，女性 超过一半，后面是比例，所以是占据account for，选B accounted

　　32. 本题需要填一个名词作主语，根据搭配关系，对于女性来说她们越往上爬通往成功的什么会变得更难，既然往上爬需要的就是阶梯，所以选G ladder

　　33. 根据上一句虽然女性在我们大学的本科生中占大多数，但在学术人员中，只有不到一半是女性。说明学术人员中女性少不到一半，本句only，仅仅四分之一更少，说明应该是更高级的地方，所以选L senior

　　34. 本段主要说在性别上的工资差异，上句话说2016- 2017年，全行业工资中位数的性别薪酬差距为13.7%，后面得出结论是结论性的话语，所以选N suggesting

　　35. 本句得出结论，表明要确保女性晋升到更高级别的职位并获得什么样的薪酬，还有很长的路要走，副词修饰动词pay, 并且and表并列，更高的职位那么应该有对应的合适的薪酬，所以选D appropriately

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