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Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Boredom has,paradoxically,becomequiteinterestingtoacademics lately. In early May, London’s Boring Conference celebrated seven years of delighting in dullness. At this event, peopleflockedtotalksaboutweather,trafficjamsandvending-machinesounds, among other sleep-inducing topics.
What,exactly,iseverybodystudying?Onewidelyaccepted definitionof boredom is"thedistastefulexperienceofwanting,butbeingunable.toengage in satisfying activity.” Buthowcanyouquantifyaperson'sboredomlevelandcompare it with someone else’s? In1986,psychologistsintroducedtheBoredomPronenessScale,designed to measure an individual’s overalltendencytofeelbored.Bycontrast,theMultidimensional State Boredom scale, developedin2008,measuresaperson'sfelingsofboredominagivensituation.
Boredomhasbeenlinkedtobehaviorissuesincludinginattentivedriving, mindless snacking, excessive drinking, and addictivegambling.Infact,manyofuswouldchoosepain over boredom. One team ofpsychologistsdiscoveredthattwo-thirdsofmenandaquarterofwomen would rather self-administer electric shocks than sit alone withtheirthoughtsfor 15minutes. Researchingthisphenomenon,anotherteamaskedvolunteerstowatchboring,sad,orneutar films, duringwhichtheycouldself-administerelecricshocks.Theboredvolunteersshocked themselvesmoreandharderthanthesadorneutralonesdid.
Butboredomisn'tallbad.Byencouragingself-reflectionanddaydreaming,itcanspur activity. An early study gave participants abundant time to complete problem-solving and word-association exercises. Once all the obvious answers were exhausted, participantsgavemore and more incentive answers to combat boredom. A British study took these findings one step further, asking subjects to complete a creative challenge (coming up with a list of alternative uses for a household item). One group of subjects did a boring activity first, while the others went straight to the creative task. Those whose boredom pumps had been primed were more productive.
In our always-connected world, boredom may be a hard-to-define state, but it is a fertile one. Watch paint dry or water boil, or at least put away your smartphone for a while, and you might unlock your next big idea.
46. When are people likely to experience boredom, according to an accepted psychological definition？
A) When they don’t have the chance to do what they want.
B) When they don’t enjoy the materials they are studying.
C) When they experience something unpleasant.
D) When they engage in some routine activities.
47. What does the author say boredom can lead to?
A) Determination
B) Mental deterioration
C) Concentration
D) Harmful conduct
48. What is the findings of one team of psychologists in their experiment?
A) Volunteers prefer watching a boring movie to sitting alone deliberating.
B) Many volunteers choose to hurt themselves rather than endure boredom.
C) Male volunteers are more immune to the effects of boredom than females.
D) Many volunteers are unable to resist boredom longer than fifteen minutes.
49. Why does the author say boredom isn’t all bad？
A) It stimulates memorization.
B) It may promote creative thinking.
C) It allows time for relaxation.
D) It may facilitate independent learning.
50. What does the author suggests one do when faced with a challenging problem?
A) Stop idling and think big.
B) Unlock one’s smartphone.
C) Look around oneself for stimulation.
D) Allow oneself some time to be bored.
【答案】46-50：ADBBD
【解析】
46.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据accepted psychological definition定位至第二段第二句Onewidelyaccepted definitionof boredom is... butbeingunabletoengage in satisfying activity. ” 可知A选项：当他们没有机会做他们想做的事情，为正确答案。选项中的what they want和原文中的satisfying为原文的同义替换。
【干扰选项分析】
B当他们不喜欢他们正在学习的材料时。原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
C当他们遇到不愉快的事情时。原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
D当他们参加一些例行活动时。原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
47.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据题文同序和题干中的boredom can lead to定位至第三段第一句话：由“ Boredomhasbeenlinkedtobehaviorissuesincludinginattentivedriving, mindless snacking, excessive drinking, and addictivegambling.”可知：无聊会导致一些注意力不集中的驾驶、过量酗酒和赌博成瘾等。D选项“有害行为”属于对这句话的概括总结。
【干扰选项分析】
A决心，原文并未提及，属于无中生有
B精神恶化，原文只提及注意力不集中，不同于精神恶化，属于过度推理
C集中注意力，与原文意思相反。
48.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据one team of psychologists可定位至第三段第三句话：One team ofpsychologistsdiscoveredthattwo-thirdsofmenandaquarterofwomen would rather self-administer electric shocks than sit alone withtheirthoughtsfor 15minutes. ”由本句句意：三分之二的男人和四分之一的女人宁愿用自残的方式（电击），也不愿独自坐着15分钟。可知B选项：许多志愿者选择伤害自己而不是忍受无聊，为正确答案。
【干扰选项分析】
A志愿者喜欢独自看电影，而不喜欢看无聊的电影，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
C男性志愿者比女性志愿者更容易感到无聊，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
D许多志愿者无法忍受超过15分钟的无聊，原文只是提及宁愿自残行为也不愿意忍受15分钟的无聊，并未提及超过十五分钟的无聊，属于无中生有。
49.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据题干中的 challenging problem，可定位至最后一段：“ Butboredomisn'tallbad.”但是由于题干考查原因，本句只是题干的同义重复，所以要将第二句作为答案依据“通过鼓励自我反省和白日冥想，可以刺激活动。”可知，作者认为无聊的优势在于激发自我反省和白日冥想等积极的思维活动，对应B选项：它可以促进创造性思维。
【干扰选项分析】
A激发记忆力，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
C它有时间放松，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
D可以促进独立学习，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
50.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据题干中的boredom isn’t all bad，可定位至最后一段，其中第二句和第三句阐述一个早期实验，第四句、第五句和第六句阐述英国的一项实验研究，由“One group of subjects did a boring activity first, while the others went straight to the creative task. Those whose boredom pumps had been primed were more productive. ”可知一组对象首先进行了无聊的活动，而其他组直接进行了创造性的工作。 那些在解决有挑战性的问题时，先进行一些无聊的活动，生产力更高，对应D选项：给自己一些无聊时间。
【干扰选项分析】
A停止空转并大胆思考，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
B解锁智能手机，原文最后两句话提到了相关信息。属于信息拼凑。
C环顾四周进行刺激，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Forests in countries like Brazil and the Congo get a lot of attention from environmentalists, and it is easy to see why. South America and sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing deforestation on an enormous scale: every year almost 5 million hectares are lost. But forests are also changing in rich Western countries. They are growing larger, both in the sense that they occupy more and that the trees in them and bigger. What is going on?
Forests are spreading in almost all Western countries, with fastest growth in places that historically had rather few tress. In 1990 28% of Spain was forested; now the proportion is 37%. In both Greece and Italy, the growth was from 26% to 32% over the same period. Forests are gradually taking more and in America and Australia. Perhaps most astonishing is the trend in Ireland. Roughly 1% of that country was forested when it became independent in 1922. Forests cover 11% of the land, and the government wants to push the proportion to 18% by the 2040s.
Two things are fertilising this growth. The first is the abandonment of farmland, especially in high, dry places where nothing grows terribly well. When farmers give up trying to earn a living from farming or herding trees simply move in. The second is government policy and subsidy. Throughout history, governments have protected and promoted forests for diverse reasons, ranging from the need for wooden warships to a desire to promote suburban house-building. Nowadays forests are increasingly welcome because they suck in carbon pollution from the air. The justifications change; the desire for more trees remains constant.
The greening of the West does not delight everyone. Farmers complain that land is being taken out of use by generously subsidised tree plantations. Parts of Spain and Portugal suffer from terrible forest fires. Others simply dislike the appearance of forests planted in neat rows. They will have to get used to the trees, however. The growth of Western forests seems almost as unstoppable as deforestation elsewhere.
51. What is catching environmentalists’ attention nowadays?
A) Rich countries are stripping poor ones of their resources.
B) Forests are fast shrinking in many developing countries.
C) Forests are eating away the fertile farmland worldwide.
D) Rich countries are doing little to address deforestation.
52. Which countries have the fastest forest growth?
A) Those that have newly achieved independence.
B) Those that at have the greatest demand for timber
C) Those that used to have the lowest forest coverage.
D) Those that provide enormous government subsidies.
53. What has encouraged forest growth historically?
A) The government’s advocacy.
B) The use of wood for fuel.
C) The favorable climate.
D) The green movement.
54. What account for our increasing desire for forests?
A) Their unique scenic beauty.
B) Their use as fruit plantation.
C) Their capability of improving air quality.
D) Their stable supply of building materials.
55. What does the author conclude about the prospects of forestation?
A) Deserts in sub-Saharan Africa will diminish gradually.
B) It will play a more and more important role in people’s lives.
C) Forest destruction in the developing world will quickly slow down.
D) Developed and developing countries are moving in opposite direction.
【答案】51-55：BCACD
【解析】
51.【解题思路】
首先，锁定第一段第一句中的environmentalists, 前文提到get a lot of attention对应问题中的catch environmentalists’ attention；根据第一段前两句可以看出，发展中国家(南美洲与撒哈拉沙漠所在的非洲)森林的快速消亡正是环境学家们所关注的问题，故选择B。
【干扰选项分析】
A富国正在剥夺穷国的资源。原文并未提及国家之间的斗争，属于无中生有。
C选项世界范围内的肥沃土地属于无中生有
D富裕国家在解决森林砍伐方面无所作为。原文并未提及富裕国家和森林砍伐的关系，属于无中生有。
52.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据题干中的 fastest forest growth定位至第二段第一句：由“Forests are spreading in almost all Western countries, with fastest growth in places that historically had rather few tress. ”可知：森林在历史上很少有发芽的地方生长最快。C选项：过去森林覆盖率最低的森林，符合原文表达。
【干扰选项分析】
A最近获得独立的国家，原文并未提及，属于无中生有
B对木材需求最大的国家，原文并未提及，属于无中生有
D提供大量政府补贴的国家，原文并未提及，属于无中生有
53.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据encouraged forest grow可定位至第三段，有两个因素促进了森林蔓延，再根据historically可定位至第五句：“Throughout history, governments have protected and promoted forests for diverse reasons, ranging from the need for wooden warships to a desire to promote suburban house-building. ”由此可知：纵观整个历史，各国政府出于多种原因保护和促进了森林的发展，从对木制军舰的需求到对促进郊区房屋建设的渴望不等。A选项：政府的倡导，为正确答案。
【干扰选项分析】
B使用木材作为燃料，原文提及木材为制造军舰，并未提及燃料，属于无中生有。
C有利的气候，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
D绿色运动，原文并未提及，属于无中生有。
54.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据desire可定位至第三段末句，但由于题干所问原因，答案需往前一句寻找：“ Nowadays forests are increasingly welcome because they suck in carbon pollution from the air.”由此可知，如今，森林越来越受欢迎，因为它们吸收了空气中的碳污染，对应C选项：它们改善空气质量的能力。
【干扰选项分析】
A他们独特的风景名胜。原文并未提及，属于无中生有
B用作水果种植园。原文并未提及，属于无中生有
D其建筑材料的稳定供应。原文并未提及，属于无中生有
55.【解题思路】
本题为细节题。根据forestation可定位至末段末句，：“ The growth of Western forests seems almost as unstoppable as deforestation elsewhere.”由此可知，西方森林的蔓延似乎和其他地方的森林砍伐一样不可阻挡。对应C选项：西方国家（发达国家）和其他国家（发展中国家）正在朝相反的方向发展。
【干扰选项分析】
A撒哈拉以南非洲的沙漠将逐渐减少。最后一段并未提及撒哈拉，属于无中生有
B它将在人们的生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。原文提到在发展中国家，民众并不支持造林，森林砍伐现象兴盛。属于与原文相反
D发展中国家的森林破坏将迅速放缓。原文提及发展中国家森立面临火灾威胁，在这些地方森林砍伐现象不可阻挡，属于与原文相反
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