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Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Poverty is a story about us, not them
[A] Too often still, we think we know the poverty looks like. It’s the way we’ve been taught, the images we’ve been forced-fed decades. The chronically homeless. The undocumented immigrant. The urban poor, usually personified as a woman of color, the “welfare queen” politicians still too often reference.
[B] But as income inequality rises to record levels in the United States, even in the midst of a record economic expansions, those familiar images are outdated, hurtful and counterproductive to focusing attention on solutions and building ladders of opportunity.
[C] Today’s faces of inequality and lack of opportunity look like all of us. It’s Anna Landre, a disabled Georgetown University student fighting to keep health benefits that allow her the freedom to live her life. It’s Tiffanie Standard, a counselor for young women of color in Philadelphia who want to be tech entrepreneurs — but who must work multiple jobs to stay afloat. It’s Ken Outlaw, a welder in rural North Carolina whose dream of going back to school at a local community college was dashed by Hurricane Florence — just one of the extreme weather events that have tipped the balance for struggling Americans across the nation.
[D] If these are the central characters of our story about poverty, what layers of perceptions, myths, and realities must we unearth to find meaningful solutions and support? In pursuit of revealing this complicated reality, Mothering Justice, led by women of color, went last year to the state capital in Lansing, Michigan, to lobby on issues that affect working mothers. One of the Mothering Justice organizers went to the office of a state representative to talk about the lack of affordable childcare — the vestiges(痕迹) of a system that expected mothers to stay home with their children while their husbands worked. A legislative staffer dismissed the activist’s concerns, telling her “my husband took care of that — I stayed home.”
[E] That comment, says Mothering Justice director Danielle Atkinson, “was meant to shame” and relied on the familiar notion that a woman of color concerned about income inequality and programs that promote mobility must by definition be a single mom, probably with multiple kids. In this case, Mothering Justice activist happened to be married. And in most cases in the America of 2019, the images that come to mind when we hear the words poverty or income inequality fail miserably in reflecting a complicated reality: poverty touches virtually all of us. The face of income inequality, for all but a very few of us, is the one we each see in the mirror.
[F] How many of us are poor in the U.S.? It depends on who you ask. According to the Census Bureau, 38 million people in the U.S. are living below the official poverty thresholds. Taking into account economic need beyond that absolute measure, the Institute for Policy Studies found that 140 million people are poor or low-income. That’s almost half the U.S. population.
[G] Whatever the measure, within that massive group, poverty is extremely diverse. We know that some people are more affected than others, like children, the elderly, people with disabilities, and people of color.
[H] But the fact that 4 in 10 Americans can’t come up with $400 in an emergency is a commonly cited statistic for good reason: economic instability stretches across race, gender, and geography. It even reaches into the middle classes, as real wages have stagnated (不增长) for all but the very wealthy and temporary spells of financial instability are not uncommon.
[I] Negative images remain of who is living in poverty as well as what is needed to move out of it. The big American myth is that you can pull yourself up by your own effort and change a bad situation into a good one. The reality is that finding opportunity without help from families, friends, schools, and community is virtually impossible. And the playing field is nothing close to level.
[J] The FrameWorks Institute, a research group that focuses on public framing of issues, has studied what sustains stereotypes and narratives of poverty in the United Kingdom. “People view economic success and wellbeing in life as a product of choice, willpower, and drive,” says Nat Kendall-Taylor, CEO of FrameWorks. “When we see people who are struggling,” he says, those assumptions “lead us to the perception that people in poverty are lazy, they don’t care, and they haven’t made the right decisions.”
[K] Does this sound familiar? Similar ideas surround poverty in the U.S. And these assumptions give a false picture of reality. “When people enter into that pattern of thinking,” says Kendall-Taylor, “it’s cognitively comfortable to make sense of issues of poverty in that way. It creates a kind of cognitive blindness — all of the factors external to a person’s drive and choices that they’ve made become invisible and fade from view.”
[L] Those external factors include the difficulties accompanying low-wage work or structural discrimination based on race, gender, or ability. Assumptions get worse when people who are poor use government benefits to help them survive. There is a great tension between “the poor” and those who are receiving what has become a dirty word: “welfare.”
[M] According to the General Social Survey, 71 percent of respondents believe the country is spending too little on “assistance to the poor.” On the one hand, 22 percent think we are spending too little on “welfare”: 37 percent believe we are spending too much.
[N] “Poverty has been interchangeable with people of color -- specifically black women and black mothers,” says Atkinson of Mothering Justice. It’s true that black mothers are more affected by poverty than many other groups, yet they are disproportionately the face of poverty. For example, Americans routinely overestimate the share of black recipients of public assistance programs.
[O] In reality, most people will experience some form of financial hardship at some point in their lives. Indeed, people tend to dip in and out of poverty, perhaps due to unexpected obstacles like losing a job, or when hours of a low-wage job fluctuate.
[P] Something each of us can do is to treat each other with the dignity and sympathy that is deserved and to understand deeply that the issue of poverty touches all of us.
36One legislative staffer assumed that a woman of color who advocated affordable childcare must be a single mother.
37. People from different races, genders, and regions all suffer from a lack of financial security.
38. According to a survey, while the majority believe too little assistance is given to the poor, more than a third believe too much is spent on welfare.
39.A research group has found that Americans who are struggling are thought to be lazy and to have made the wrong decisions.
40.Under the old system in America, a mother was supposed to stay home and take care of her children.
41.XXX found that nearly 50% of Americans are poor or receive low pay.
42. American usually overestimate the number of blacks receiving welfare benefits.
43. It is impossible for Americans to lift themselves out of poverty entirely on their own.
44. Nowadays, it seems none of us can get away from income inequality.
45. Assumptions about poor people become even more negative when they live on welfare.
答案：
36. E
37. H
38. M
39. J
40. D
41 .F
42. N
43. I
44. C
45. L
解析：
【36】根据题干确定信息词：One legislative staffer，a woman of color，must be a single mother.快速回原文进行扫读，定位到E段。a woman of color和must by definition be a single mom是原词复现。Justice director是对legislative staffer的同义替换。
【37】根据题干确定信息词：different races, genders, and regions，a lack of financial security.
快速回原文进行扫读，定位到H段。economic instability stretches across race, gender, and geography.这里，economic instability (经济不稳定) 同义改写了a lack of financial security(缺少经济的安全感)。geography(地理位置)同义替换了regions (地区)。
【38】根据题干确定信息词：majority,too little assistance is given to the poor,more than a third,too much is spent on welfare,这里出现了对比关系，快速回原文进行扫读，定位到M段。71 percent of respondents believe the country is spending too little on “assistance to the poor.”: 37 percent believe we are spending too much.其中，37 percent 同义替换了more than a third，71 percent of respondents对应majority.
【39】根据题干确定信息词：Americans who are struggling,lazy,have made wrong decisions，快速回原文进行扫读，定位到J段。“When we see people who are struggling,” he says, those assumptions “lead us to the perception that people in poverty are lazy, they don’t care, and they haven’t made the right decisions.”其中，who are struggling和lazy原词复现，haven’t made the right decisions是对have made wrong decisions的同义改写。
【40】根据题干确定信息词：old system in America,a mother,stay home and take care of her children. 快速回原文进行扫读，定位到D段。对应原文“the vestiges(痕迹) of a system that expected mothers to stay home with their children while their husbands worked.”
【41】根据题干确定信息词：nearly 50% of Americans,poor or receive low pay. 快速回原文进行扫读，定位到F段。the Institute for Policy Studies found that 140 million people are poor or low-income. That’s almost half the U.S. population.其中，poor原词复现，low-income是对receive low pay的同义替换。almost half是对nearly 50%的同义替换。
【42】根据题干确定信息词：overestimate, the number of blacks, receiving welfare benefits，快速回原文进行扫读，定位到N段. Americans routinely overestimate the share of black recipients of public assistance programs. 其中，the share of black 同义替换the number of blacks，recipients of public assistance programs同义改写了receiving welfare benefits。
【43】根据题干确定信息词：lift themselves out of poverty, on their owns. 快速回原文进行扫读，定位到I段. The big American myth is that you can pull yourself up by your own effort and change a bad situation into a good one.其中，pull yourself up同义改写了lift themselves out of poverty，by your own effort同义替换on their owns. The big American myth也是对题干的impossible的同义改写。
【44】根据题干确定信息词：none of us,can get away from income inequality.(没有人可以逃脱收入不平等的问题) 快速回原文进行扫读，定位到C段. Today’s faces of inequality and lack of opportunity look like all of us.这里的inequality结合B段的内容可以判断也是income inequality.即“今天收入的不平等和机会的缺失似乎是所有人都要面临的问题。”需要理解的是none of us和all of us看上去相反，在这里表达的是相同的意思。
【45】根据题干确定信息词：poor people become even more negative, live on welfare。快速回原文进行扫读，定位到L段. get worse when people who are poor use government benefits to help them survive.其中get worse同义替换的more negative，use government benefits同义替换的live on welfare.
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