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　　Recording one

　　Psychology research has tended to portray solitude as a negative experience. Studies conducted in the 1970s and 1990s suggested that people felt less happy when alone as compared to being with others. However, a new paper shows an alternative view, one in which solitude can be positive. Let's start by looking at the earlier research. It had a couple of shortcomings.

　　16. First, it measured a motion on a scale from positive to negative, overlooking the possibility that are positive and negative emotions can fluctuate independently. Also, it categorizes emotions as simply positive or negative. It didn't consider that emotions arouse us to different degrees and that both positive and negative emotions can arouse us a lot for a little.

　　That is whether positive or negative emotions can be either a high arousal or low arousal. High arousal emotions include excitement on the positive side or anger on the negative side. While low arousal ones include feeling calm on the positive side or lonely on the negative. This new research attempted to overcome these shortcomings.

　　Researchers began with a simple study. They asked participants to spend 15 minutes sitting alone without engaging in any activity, and measured how this solitude influenced their emotional state. This experiment specifically aimed to determine the effect of solitude on high arousal emotions. It looked at positive emotions such as being excited or interested, and negative emotions, including being scared or distressed.

　　17. The results were clear. After 15 minutes of solitude, the participants showed reductions in both types of emotion. The second study measured the effects of solitude on low arousal emotions. These included both positive and negative emotions, such as feeling calm, sad or lonely.

　　18.That experiment found that all of these emotions were increased by time alone. Thus, it seems past depictions of solitude were wrong. It doesn't have a simple, emotional effect that can be characterized as good or bad. Rather, it changes the intensity of our inner experience. It amplifies quieter emotions, but it diminishes the intensity of stronger feelings. It's worth clarifying that these findings relate to relatively brief periods of solitude.

　　This is distinct from prolonged loneliness. Research has demonstrated that the latter is correlated with an assortment of negative physical and psychological effects. How can people benefit from being alone?The findings here suggest that people can use solitude to regulate their emotions. Solitude can help us become quiet after excitement, calm after an angry episode or simply feel at peace.

　　Questions 16 to18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

　　Question16: what is one of the criticisms directed at the early research on solitude?

　　Question17: What do we learn about the results of the new research?

　　Question18: What did the second experiment in the new research find about solitude?

　　文章大意：

　　20世纪70年代和90年代进行的研究表明,人们独处的时候比和别人在一起的时候更不快乐.然而,一篇新的论文却提出了另一种观点,认为孤独也可以是积极的. 随后文章主体通过实验来进行验证, 最后研究结果表明,人们可以利用独处来调节自己的情绪.独处可以帮助我们在兴奋后变得安静,在愤怒发作后平静下来,或者只是感到平静。

　　解析：

　　16题,问的是针对早期研究的批判是什么. 题干对应原文it had a couple of shortcomings, 随后first和also对批判进行了展开.

　　17题,问的是新研究的结果是什么. 题干定位处, 结果很清楚.独处15分钟后,参与者的两种情绪都有所减少。

　　18题,第二次实验的发现是什么。题干定位处, 实验发现,所有这些情绪都随着时间的流逝而增加.

　　Recording two.

　　In1984, the world chess championship was called off abruptly due to the withered frame of a player who was competing for the title. He wasn't alone in experiencing extreme physical effects of the game. Elite players can reportedly burn up to an absurd 6,000 calories in 1 day.

　　Does that mean that thinking harder?It's a simple route to losing weight. 19.When the body is at rest, we know that the brain is a startling 20 to 25%of the body's overall energy. This level of utilization actually makes the brain the most energy expensive organ in the body. Yet it makes up only2%of the body's weight overall.

　　The more we put this organ to work, more calories will burn. Technically, the answer is for cognitively difficult tasks. What counts is the difficult mental task varies between individuals. But generally, it could be described as something that the brain cannot solve easily using previously learned routines or task that change the conditions continuously. Deep thinking will not burn off the calories gain from eating a sugary snack.

　　20. Because in relation to the brain's huge overall energy usage, which is devoted to a multitude of tasks, the energy required, just to think harder, is actually comparatively tiny. We’re unconscious of most of what uses up the brain's energy. A lot of that activity is unrelated to conscious activities, like learning how to sing or play the guitar. The brain is able to allocate blood and thus energy to particular regions that are being active at than.

　　21. But the overall energy availability in the brain is thought to be constant. While there might be significant increases in energy use at localized regions of the brain when we perform difficult cognitive tasks. When it comes to the whole brain energy budget overall, these activities don't significantly alter it.

　　Why did the chess champion grow too skinny to compete in his chess competition? The general consensus is that it mostly comes down to stress and reduce food consumption, not mental exhaustion. Keeping your body pumped up for action for long periods of time is very energy demanding. If you can't eat as often or as much as you can or would normally, then you might lose weight.

　　Questions, 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.

　　Question 19. What do we learn about the brain when the body is at rest?

　　Question 20. What does the speaker say about the consumption of the brain's energy?

　　Question, 21. What do we learn about the overall energy availability in the brain?

　　文章大意：文章谈论了大脑在思考时是否能够消耗更多的能量。 大脑的总能量可用性被认为是恒定的。当我们执行困难的认知任务时，大脑局部区域的能量消耗可能会显著增加。当涉及到整个大脑的能量预算时，这些活动并不能显著地改变它。

　　解析：

　　19题,当身体休息时， 大脑发生了什么. 回到答案处， 表明 当身体处于休息状态时，我们知道大脑占据了身体总能量的20%到25%

　　20题,作者如何看待大脑的能量消耗, 精准出现因为相对于大脑用于多种任务的巨大的总能量消耗，仅仅是更努力地思考所需要的能量实际上是相对微小的。

　　21题,关于大脑的总能量可用性，我们了解什么? 原文表述为 精准出现但大脑的总能量可用性被认为是恒定的。

　　recording three.

　　Tell me about yourself may seem like an easy job interview question. 22]But the open ended nature of this question often leaves job seekers at a loss where to start. This common question is actually a critical test of a job candidate's communication skills. It's important not to give an unprepared response or mess it up. Tell me about yourself is often the first question, professional career coaches prepare people for when they give interview guidance. It's the opportunity for the candidate to take control of the narrative and tell their story in a way that really matters to their audience. It takes hard work and extensive preparation to answer this question. When a person goes to a job interview, their interviewer has presumably read their resume, so they don't need to repeat the Information. 23]But that's what most people will do as it's their instinct to recite things that are already on their resume. It's important for job seekers to do their homework on two crucial aspects. First, they are not just telling someone, in fact about themselves. They're telling a story and stories take work to create. Coming up with a good story means getting reflective about what made their career accomplishments, something they're proud of, and what strengths those accomplishments highlight. Candidates shouldn't pick a broad, general strength to elaborate on, such as I'm smart, I work hard and I get things done to come up with multiple career accomplishments or examples for different interview questions.24] Job seekers should talk with others, especially people who know them, partners, friends, or coworkers who will bring up different stories than the ones they remember. Secondly, 25]candidates should know what's at stake for the company with this job opening. What they really are asking you is tell me why you are going to help me. If the person is a prepared candidate, they should have already figured out those things. They've read the job description and research, the company on the internet. What job applicants ought to be looking for is what the company is up to you, what they're trying to accomplish and what is preventing them from accomplishing those things? How long should it take to answer around a minute? That's about right for most people's attention span. Under a minute could seem rushed while over 2 minutes, we'll start to feel more like a speech. 25]But the length of the answer is not an exact science. And candidates need to keep their career story focused and tailored to their audience.

　　Questions, 22 to 25 are based on the recording. You have just heard.

　　Question 22. What does the speaker say about the job interview question“Tell me about yourself ?

　　Question 23. What will most people do when they come to a job interview?

　　Question 24. Why should job seekers talk with partners, friends, and coworkers?

　　Question 25. What other important preparations should job seekers make before an interview?

　　文章大意：这篇文章讲的求职者在面试中可能会遇到的问题，以及如何针对面试问题做充足的准备，文章难度不大，容易理解。解析：问题22，通过转折词but定位文章开头Tell me about yourself这个问题的开放性往往让求职者不知所措。问题23，通过转折词定位大多数面试者在面试时会本能地背诵简历上已有的东西。问题24,通过作者建议定位求职者求职者应该与其他人交谈，尤其是认识他们的人、伴侣、朋友或同事，他们会提出与他们记忆中不同的故事。问题25通过顺序词定位求职者应该知道这次职位空缺对公司有什么利害关系，因为公司真正要问你的是告诉我你为什么要帮助自己，所以求职者应该做充足的准备，求职者需要专注于自己的职业生涯，并为面试公司身打造自己的回答。

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