三、仔细阅读部分：

　　2019 年 12 月四级第一套仔细阅读解析

　　新东方 石家庄学校 冯晓垞

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

　　The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy(征税) 1.5 cents per liquid ounce on distributors.

　　Philadelphia's new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the country. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement asoda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.

　　The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It's expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.

　　While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists, made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.

　　"The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages -including low-and no-calorie choices." said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association." But most importantly, it is against the law. So we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it."

　　An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least S4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a "grocery tax."

　　Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. "The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places," said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America." Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It's not 'just Berkeley' anymore."

　　Similar measures in California's Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado's Boulder are becoming hot-button issues. Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.

　　46. What does the passage say about the new by-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?

　　A) It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.

　　B) It may encourage other US cities to follow suit.

　　C) It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.

　　D) It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.

　　47. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal?

　　A) Bargain with the city council.

　　B) Refuse to pay additional tax.

　　C) Take legal action against it.

　　D) Try to win public support.

　　48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?

　　A) It tried to arouse hostile feelings among consumers.

　　B) It tried to sending letters of protest to the media.

　　C) It kept sending letters of protest to the media.

　　D) It criticized the measure through advertising.

　　49. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?

　　A) Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases.

　　B) Help people to fix certain long-time health issues.

　　C) Add to the fund for their research on diseases.

　　D) Benefit low-income people across the country.

　　50. What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities?

　　A) They are becoming rather sensitive issues.

　　B) They are spreading panic in the soda industry.

　　C) They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases.

　　D) They are taking away a lot of profit from the soda industry.

　　【答案】BCDBA

　　【解析】

　　46.【解题思路】

　　根据Philadelphia可定位至文章第二段，第二句话“它为全国范围内的类似举措设定了新的标准”说明全国其他城市也会效仿此做法。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A并未提及消费者行为，属于无中生有。

　　C并未提及将减少低收入社区的苏打水消费，属于无中生有。

　　D并未提及可能影响苏打水业务的营销策略，属于无中生有。

　　47.【解题思路】

　　根据题干中的opponents定位至第四段，反对者提出了尖锐的批评，并承诺在法庭上挑战税收，可表明反对者将诉之法律来表示反对。与C选项legal action against构成同意表达。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A与市议会讨价还价，文章中只提及反对市议会的投票，并未讨价还价，直接诉诸法律。属于概念混淆

　　B拒绝支付附加税，文章中说的是反对者将在法庭上挑战这项决定，并未提及拒绝支付，属于无中生有

　　D争取赢得公众支持，并未提及公众，属于无中生有

　　48.【解题思路】

　　根据industry-backed anti-tax campaign可定位至第六段，根据第一二句“一项由行业支持的反税运动已在广告上花费了至少400万新元，广告批评了这项措施”可知，反税运动通过广告批评该措施。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A它试图引起消费者的敌意。通过广告批判，有可能是面向消费者，但是原文并未提及，属于推理过度。

　　B它试图向媒体发送抗议信;C它不断向媒体发送抗议信。原文并未提及通过媒体发送抗议信的表达，无中生有。

　　49.【解题思路】

　　根据题干中的 public health groups可定位至第七段。第一句话总论，表明税收是迈向解决困扰美国人的某些持久性健康问题的一步。第二句话引用他人言论详细展开叙述，“从一个行业中夺回一小部分利润的举动，将在贫困社区推出有助于糖尿病，肥胖和心脏病的产品”可对应至B选项，长期存在的健康问题对应文章中糖尿病、肥胖症与心脏病，属于原文的同意概述。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A提醒人们糖引起的疾病的风险，未提及提醒，原文表达的是解决问题。

　　C增加对疾病研究的资金，原文表达的是“税收以便在这些社区进行再投资”，并非针对研究的资金，属于偷换概念。

　　D)惠及全国低收入人群。未提及低收入人群，无中生有。

　　50.【解题思路】

　　根据similar measures可定位至最后一段，第一句话“类似的措施正成为广泛讨论的争议问题”可知，这些问题成为了敏感问题(sensitive issue)，对应A选项。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　B他们在苏打水行业中散布恐慌;C它们减少了糖引起的疾病的发生;D他们从苏打水行业夺走了很多利润;原文均未提及，属于无中生有。

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

　　Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming “status” items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.

　　A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO₂ - the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change – at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. “It is electricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment.” say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behavior. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.

　　However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO₂ in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimates for annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other form of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.

　　51. What is the finding of the new study?

　　A) Quick-cooking microwave ovens have become more popular.

　　B) The frequent use of microwaves may do harm to our health.

　　C) CO₂ emissions constitute a major threat to the environment.

　　D) The use of microwaves emits more CO₂ than people think.

　　52. Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise?

　　A) They are becoming more affordable.

　　B) They have a shorter life cycle than other appliances.

　　C) They are getting much easier to operate.

　　D) They take less time to cook than other appliances.

　　53. What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make?

　　A) Cooking food of different varieties.

　　B) Improving microwave users’ habits.

　　C) Eating less to cut energy consumption.

　　D) Using microwave ovens less frequently.

　　54. What does Professor David Reay try to argue?

　　A) There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.

　　B) People should be persuaded into using passenger cars less often.

　　C) The UK produces less CO₂ than many other countries in the EU.

　　D) More data are needed to show whether microwaves are harmful.

　　55. What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves?

　　A) It will become less popular in the coming decades.

　　B) It makes everyday cooking much more convenient.

　　C) It plays a positive role in environmental protection.

　　D) It consumes more power than conventional cooking.

　　【答案】DABAC 51题答案错误

　　【解析】

　　51.【解题思路】

　　根据题干定位回到原文，来自第一段but 之后，a new study has found之前的句子，即为本题答案。原文：Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars，提到了微波炉的二氧化碳排放居然和7百万辆汽车的排放持平，这个说法和选项[D] The use of micromaves emits more CO2 than people think. 为同义替换选项。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A.快速烹饪微波炉变得越来越流行。原文中只是表达更换微波炉的速度加快，但并非能说明越来越流行。属于推理过度。

　　C.CO 2排放对环境构成重大威胁。首先原文中提及的是碳而非二氧化碳，其次并未提及对于环境的影响。属于概念偷换和无中生有

　　52.【解题思路】

　　根据题干中的 sales of microwaves expected to rise定位至第一段第三句话，但是第一个词This，代词指代需要向前去寻找指代内容，即第二句“随着成本的下降和厨房用具成为“状态”项目，业主在平均使用了8年后就扔掉了微波炉。”，可知销量上升是因为业主更换微波炉成本下降的原因，对应选项A

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　B它们的生命周期比其他电器要短。原文并未提及，只提及了更换微波炉的时间并不能看出其他电器的生命周期。属于偷换概念。

　　C它们变得越来越容易操作。原文中并未提及微波炉操作难易程度，更无法得出越来越容易的结论。属于无中生有。

　　D与其他电器相比，它们花费的时间更少。并未提及其他电器和时间。属于无中生有

　　53.【解题思路】

　　根据University of Manchester 可定位至第二段，根据第倒数第二句“根据同一项研究，减少消费的努力应集中在提高消费者的意识和行为上。”其中focus表示其给使用者的建议，可知，正确答案应对应B改善微波使用者的习惯。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A它试图引起消费者的敌意。通过广告批判，有可能是面向消费者，但是原文并未提及，属于推理过度。

　　B它试图向媒体发送抗议信;C它不断向媒体发送抗议信。原文并未提及通过媒体发送抗议信的表达，无中生有。

　　54.【解题思路】

　　根据题干中的David Reay可定位至第三段。第一句“尽管微波消耗大量能量，但与汽车相比，它们的排放量却很小。”可对应至B选项，汽车产生的排放远远超过微波炉。属于原文的客观事实同义转述。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　B应该说服人们减少使用乘用车的次数。原文并未提及乘车次数，属于无中生有。

　　C英国的二氧化碳排放量少于欧盟其他许多国家。原文只是将欧盟所有的汽车碳排放量和微波炉进行比较，并未针对英国和其他欧盟国家进行比较，属于概念混淆。

　　D)需要更多数据来显示微波是否有害。原文并未提及需要数据显示微波炉有害，并且教授的观点认为微波炉碳排放远低于其他产品，对微波炉是正面评价。

　　55.【解题思路】

　　根据David Reay和题文同序可定位至最后一段最后两句话，“此外，微波使用的能量低于任何其他形式的烹饪。在用于烹饪的普通厨房用具中，微波炉是最节能的，其次是炉子，最后是标准烤箱。因此，微波销售的增长可以看作是一件好事。”可知，微波炉比其余所有电器都更加节能，对环境的影响也是最小的。对应C选项。

　　【干扰选项分析】

　　A在未来的几十年中它将不再流行。原文对于微波炉的评价是积极的，所以与原文的表达含义相反。

　　B它使日常烹饪更加方便。最后一段只针对于节能问题进行阐述，并未涉及日常烹饪的问题。属于无中生有

　　D比传统烹饪消耗更多的功率。原文中针对其他传统烹饪进行了排序，传统烹饪消耗的功率远高于微波炉，所以属于与原文含义相反。

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