单项选择题

　　1、 根据下面资料，回答题

　　On the evening before All Saints' Day in 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg. In those days a thesis was simply a _____36_____ one wanted to argue. Today a doctoral thesis is both an idea and an _____37_____ of a period of original research. Writing one is the aim of the hundreds of thousands of students who _____38_____ on a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) every year.

　　In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is an introduction to the world of independent research-a kind of _____39_____ masterpiece, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a supervisor. The requirements to complete one vary _____40_____ between countries, universities and even subjects. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a master's degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will pay their own way. Some PhDs_____41_____ only research, some require classes and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A thesis can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or man hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their early 20s or world-weary forty-somethings.

　　One thing many PhD students have in common is _____42_____. Some describe their work as "slave labour". Seven-day-weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain prospects are widespread. Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be _____43_____ problems with the system that produces research doctorates (the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value), There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is designed as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is unrelated to the number of job openings. Meanwhile, business leaders _____44_____ about shortages of high-level skills, suggesting PhDs are not teaching the right things. The fiercest critics _____45_____ research doctorates to Ponzi or pyramid schemes.

　　A．account

　　B．acquirements

　　C．aggressively

　　D．cognitive

　　E．compare

　　F．complain

　　G．contain

　　H．dissatisfaction

　　I．embark

　　J．enormously

　　K．genetic

　　L．genuine

　　M．intellectual

　　N．involve

　　O．position

　　第36题答案为（　　）

　　2、Questions are based on the following passage.

　　For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, U.S. government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have

　　(36)_____such as tax-free interest. Some may even be (37)_____Corporate bonds are a bit more risky._____

　　Two questions often (38) _____ first-time corporate bond investors. The first is "If I purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?" The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on (39)_____securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you're not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond, For example, if your bond does not have (40)_____that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a (41)_____, i.e., a priceless than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally (42)_____ inversely (相反地)with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然). Thus,

　　" like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk.

　　The second question is "How can I (43)_____the investment risk of a particular bond issue?" Standard& Poor's and Moody's Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And (44)_____ , the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investor will invest in a bond considered risky only if the (45)_____return is high enough.

　　A． advantages

　　B． assess

　　C． bother

　　D． conserved

　　E． deduction

　　F． discount

　　G． embarrass

　　H． features

　　I． fluctuate

　　J． indefinite

　　K． insured

　　L． major

　　M．naturally

　　N．potential

　　O．simultaneously

　　第36题应填______

　　3、根据以下内容回答题

　　Apps Designed for Distracted Drivers

　　A． Marry Williams recalls the conversations he and his wife would have with their two daughters about the dangers of talking and texting while driving．．"It's always a concern," said Williams． "We just drilled it into their heads over and over until they said 'Okay, we get it,' and when we saw something [about the dangers of drivers texting] on TV we made sure they saw it, too．"

　　B． Parents like Williams have good reason to worry． Half of teens say they tall on a cell phone while driving, a third say they swap text messages, and almost half say they've been a passenger in a vehicle with a teen driver whose phone use put them at risk, according to federal statistics． Teen drivers are more likely to get into a fatal crash than anyone under the age of 80, in part because their brains are still developing the system that evaluates risk．

　　C． These days, however, there's an app for that, several of them, in fact． There are apps that prevent mobile-device use while driving, and some of them alert parents or employers when a user tries to beat the system．They've emerged on the market as alarm grows over the carnage caused by distracted driving．

　　D． More than 3,300 people die and 420,000 are injured annually in crashes attributed to distracted drivers． But those numbers may be low because, other than a driver's admission of fault, it's a challenge to prove that distraction caused a crash． Among all drivers involved in fatal crashes, teens were the most likely to have been distracted, National Highway Traffic Administration data show． "They feel invincible," said Jurek Grabowski, director of research at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety． "They have large social networks and they want to stay in contact with them．"

　　E． Conversations on the go, texting, surfing the Internet and taking selfies (自拍) are such a habit among teens that studies show they underestimate the risk． Teens make up a significant percentage of the approximately 660,000 drivers who are having phone conversations or manipulating electronic devices while driving at any given moment during daylight hours in the United States． And most teenagers who chat, text or surf while driving are breaking the law． The District and 37 states--including Maryland and Virginia--ban novice drivers from talking on the phone while driving． The three local jurisdictions (管辖区) and 41 other states bar all drivers from sending and receiving text messages while driving． But respect for those laws is similar to that given the speed limit．

　　F． "We need to almost turn this thing into a brick," David Coleman said recently, holding up his cell phone while sitting in a Bowie Starbucks． "It can't just be about texting． It has to be about e-mail, Facebook and no inappropriate calls．" Coleman is marketing director for Louisiana-based Cellcontrol, one of several companies competing for the chance to shut down people's mobile devices while they're driving． Most of the companies that sell cell phone service--Verizon, AT&T, Sprint and others--also provide apps that can limit access．

　　G． Many of the apps are triggered when a GPS sensor detects that a vehicle is in motion, and some—such as AT&T's DriveMode---will alert parents or employers when the app has been turned off or disabled．Independent experts consider that a feature buyers should look for． "Especially for younger drivers． As clever as you can be, they will be more clever," said Leo McCloskey, a tech specialist for the Intelligent Transportation Society of America． "The best way to do it is to integrate the device with the vehicle so that you could have more precise control．"

　　H． That precise control means that parents or employers can select the features they want to allow their drivers to use and block those that worry them． "It's important to have a solid oversight function so that use can be monitored by a fleet (车队) manager or parent," said Russ Rader of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety． "Cellcontrol is one of the better, most complete systems． TeenSafer is another one that we've looked at that works pretty well．．These products are going to be the most useful for fleet operators and for parents trying to control phone use by their driving teens． Both Cellcontrol and TeenSafer will report attempts to disrupt the system．"

　　I． Businesses that send fleets of cars, vans or trucks onto the streets have shown increasing interest in those products, as juries have issued multimillion-dollar rewards to those injured or killed by distracted drivers who were on the job．