Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:

　　One if the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspapers; signal to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes messages to us in colored lights all night.

　　Advertising has been among England’s biggest growth industries since the war. Perhaps the reason is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without adding customer-appeal to all his other problem of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find clever ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have finished it, by pretending that it confers (赋予) status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness.

　　Other manufactures find advertising saves them from changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one that goes on unchanged forever. If, therefore, for one reason or another, some alteration sees called for how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.

　　16. Which of the following can best describe the author’s attitude toward modern advertising?

　　A. Indifferent B. Shocked C. Disapproving D. Approving

　　17. According to the author, which is NOT the designer’s chief concern when he designs a product?

　　A. Stress factors B. Man-hours

　　C. Machine tolerances D. Customer-appeal

　　18. It is stated in the passage that those responsible for giving a product customer-appeal are .

　　A. customers B. designers C. advertisers D. manufacturers

　　19. According to the author, when some change in a product is necessary, a manufacturer will choose to

　　A. lower the production cost B. hire a better designer

　　C. improve its quality D. alter its image

　　20. The best title for the passage might be .

　　A. Advertising since the War

　　B. Advertising and Manufacturers

　　C. Advertising—England’s Biggest Industry

　　D. Advertising and Purchasers